This paper aims to demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the reading material Bourke and Boyer. In line with this, it shall discuss the distinction between nationalism and globalization alongside how these concepts manifest themselves throughout the evolution of the state system.
The evolution of the state is in synergy with the current trends in globalization and nationalism, which several states are trailing themselves upon. As the emergence of states are explained within the domains of what I call ‘parental protection’ that gave rise to governments and laws, the resurgence of nationalism and globalization are surging effects of state activities. In this paper, it is important to distinguish the concept of nationalism from that of globalization. This discussion is trailed towards the idea that the state did not evolve just sparingly or out of its own construction, but is rather out of being a product of domestic and global phenomena influencing its activities and policies. Currently, the two important features of the continuing evolution of the state are nationalism and globalization, which are tackled in this paper.
It is respectfully submitted that has made more of an impact on the state system than globalization/trans-nationalism. There are myriad reasons why this argument is meritorious. First, the basic foundation of nationalism roots within the nation itself and not on outside influences or sources which makes it easy to adopt and practice. Nationalism is a form of an ideology, a social movement, or culture that is focused on the nation. It is a modern phenomenon that allows for nation-members to embrace what is deeply-rooted in their own nation, signified by their patronization of its history, culture, development, and products. Nationalism holds on to popular sovereignty that leads the people, from whom this sovereignty is said to reside. It plays an integral role among the people in different states, as their lives are patterned to the governmental and social functions of a particular state. The basic features of industrialization, democratization, and economic redistribution are said to be attributed to the concept of nationalism in states’ pursuit to improve the current condition of its political and economic environments. For example, a citizen of the country who valued its own socio-cultural production will not subscribe to other networks and sources of cultural presentations no matter how famous it is.
Second, nationalism is an affair that will be valued by those citizens who love their own country thereby giving more impact on the state system. Nationalism is a concept that allows people of a certain state to feel a degree of belongingness in such particular state system, including its political, economic, cultural, and social embodiments. As members of this state system, people would tend to remedy a certain flaw that they deem must be changed in that system, commonly through a process known as social change. Those who rally for this are called nationalists, aiming for the betterment of their nation in the context of reform or revolution.
Therefore, it is clear that the role of nationalism in building a state system is apparently to construct and deconstruct certain paradigms for state advancement. History has seen the ramifications of anti-static policies that benefited only those people in power. It also witnessed people surging against these ‘people in power’ in order to deconstruct an inimical system and reconstruct a favorable and workable one.
Globalization, on the other hand, pertains to the process that aims to increase the connectivity of the world’s networks of market. Advancement in technology allows for people to travel, communicate, and do business internationally in an easier and much convenient fashion than before. The ramifications of globalization are seen in expanded global market systems and interdependence of states while being connected with one another under multilateral agreements that serve as roofs for market networks. Advances in telecommunications and the emergence of the internet are considered two driving forces of globalization, in which nations that used not to interact much with each other are now accessed through these forces. The world economics have globalized as a leading feature, in which much increased opportunities for different states are brought about, which is made more possible by an increased competition, allowing for agents of production to become more efficient.
It is clear that the role of globalization in the enhancement of the state is to likewise enhance the domestic system - politically and economically - as well as the global system in general. This is seen in the development of domestic and global markets, marked by global competition in which all participating nations are made opportune to participate and welcome progress in their land. What it lacks however is the effectuation of the people to embrace globalization for a longer time. Compared to nationalism which is deeply rooted in the minds of the people, globalization may change in accordance with what is the current fads and crazes.
The dynamics of nationalism and globalization are manifested throughout the evolution of the state system in several terms. In the concept of nationalism, it is also argued that its dynamism is manifested in how changes in political and social systems occur through acts of nationalism marked by initiations to change certain state systems in the aspects of governance and policymaking. The change of governance supported by certain defined ideology is an example of these dynamics, shown by the people being active agents of change in their membership of the nation-state. The people, as members of the nation-state ,can only attempt to do such undertaking out of a feeling of belongingness to that state. The state system evolves in accordance to certain political and social ideological theories earmarked into practice through social change. Examples of these are democracy, liberalization, and sovereignty. As these values and ideals emerge and become popular, the contrary practices of states are disputed against these conceptions, bringing changes in governmental practices and functions and contributing to how the state evolves. This is how actions of nationalist stances are seen to contribute to the evolution of the state.
Globalization, on the other hand, manifests itself throughout the evolution of the state system in terms of improving the economic and financial aspects of the state and the global system. What is not valuable in this argument is that it not necessary to place some emphasis on world improvement than ensuring the nation’s development. Besides, it is always known that the economy is where the state obtains its lifeblood and pursuing economic opportunities has been a task of every state. Globalization is thus, an answer to bring about economic prosperity to a major state, as well as allowing everyone else to become prosperous within the domains of an international competitive market. Today’s construct of nationalism, which is founded in democratization, allows for this equitable opportunity among nations although some argue against the resurgence of globalization as a global phenomenon.
Clearly enough, globalization is a manifestation of the state’s willingness to expand economically out of a pursuit to satisfy its economic needs. In a globalized order, the state is seen as an evolving entity that pursues matters of its own interests which are addressed by opening the global market and allowing other states for free entry. It is this felt need that states would intend to evolve in a globalized market, motivated by advancements in technology and communication. It is likewise marked by nationalism, in which amidst globalization, states remain adherent to their own political and social constructions while participating globally.
Going back into the year 1648, the emergence of the Treaty of Westphalia that created the Westphalian system of states has impacted to the rise of nationalism. It became strong in the 18th and 19th century when nationalist movements developed within Europe. It was during the end of the 19th century that nationalism penetrated Asia. At present, nationalist parties maintained on to do well in elections, and nearly everyone continue to possess a well-built sense of attachment to their nationality.
Finally, it may be said that globalization could change the world in terms of economic progress. But it should be remembered that development must begin in the nation itself, thereby expanding its state system in order to cater the needs of its nationals. Nationalism is the best way to achieve this purpose since it is human nature to adopt and practice what belongs to it compared to influences outside the sphere of state system.
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